Protocol Phusion® High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with HF Buffer

Overview

The following guidelines are provided to ensure successful PCR using Phusion® Master Mixes. These guidelines cover routine PCR. Amplification of templates with high GC content, high secondary structure, low template concentrations or long amplicons may require further optimization.

Protocol

Reaction Setup: We recommend assembling all reaction components on ice and quickly transferring the reactions to a thermocycler preheated to the denaturation temperature (98°C). All components should be mixed and centrifuged prior to use. It is important to add Phusion Master Mix last in order to prevent any primer degradation caused by the 3´→ 5´ exonuclease activity. Please note that protocols with Phusion DNA Polymerase may differ from protocols with other standard polymerases. As such, conditions recommended below should be used for optimal performance. 

Component 25 µl Reaction 50 µl Reaction Final Concentration
10 µM Forward Primer 1.25 µl 2.5 µl 0.5 µM
10 µM Reverse Primer 1.25 µl 2.5 µl 0.5 µM
DMSO (optional) (0.75 µl) (1.5 µl) (3%)
2X Phusion Master Mix 12.5 µl 25 µl 1X
Template DNA variable variable < 250 ng
Nuclease-free water to 25 µl to 50 µl  
Notes: Gently mix the reaction. Collect all liquid to the bottom of the tube by a quick spin if necessary. Overlay the sample with mineral oil if using a PCR machine without a heated lid. 

Transfer PCR tubes from ice to a PCR machine with the block preheated to 98°C and begin thermocycling:

Thermocycling conditions for a routine PCR: 

STEP
TEMP
TIME
Initial Denaturation 98°C 30 seconds
25-35 Cycles 98°C
45-72°C
72°C
5-10 seconds
10-30 seconds
15-30 seconds per kb
Final Extension 72°C 5-10 minutes
Hold 4°C  


General Guidelines

  1. Template: 
    Use of high quality, purified DNA templates greatly enhances the success of PCR. Recommended amounts of DNA template for a 50 μl reaction are as follows:
    DNA Amount
    genomic 50 ng–250 ng
    plasmid or viral 1 pg–10 ng


    If the template DNA is obtained from a cDNA synthesis reaction, the volume added should be less than 10% of the total reaction volume. 

  2. Primers:
    Oligonucleotide primers are generally 20–40 nucleotides in length and ideally have a GC content of 40–60%. Computer programs such as Primer3 can be used to design or analyze primers. The final concentration of each primer in a PCR using the Phusion Master Mix may be 0.2–1 μM, while 0.5 μM is recommended. 

  3. Mg++, deoxynucleotides and additives:
    At 1X concentration, Phusion Master Mix provides 1.5 mM MgCl2 and 200 µM of each dNTP in the final reaction. Phusion cannot incorporate dUTP and is not recommended for use with uracil-containing primers or template.

    Amplification of difficult targets, such as those with GC-rich sequences or secondary structure, may be improved by the presence of additives such as DMSO (included). A final concentration of 3% DMSO is recommended, although concentration can be optimized in 2% increments. It is important to note that if a high concentration of DMSO is used, the annealing temperature must be lowered as it decreases the primer Tm (1). Phusion DNA polymerase is also compatible with other additives such as formamide or glycerol.

  4. Phusion DNA Polymerase Concentration:
    The concentration of Phusion DNA Polymerase in the Phusion PCR Master Mix has been optimized for best results under a wide range of conditions. If reactions are set up according to recommendations listed, the final concentration of Phusion DNA Polymerase in the reaction is 1 unit/50 µl or 0.4 units/20 µl.

  5. Buffers:
    This Master Mix contains Phusion HF Buffer. HF buffer is recommended as the default buffer for high-fidelity amplification. For difficult templates, such as GC-rich templates or those with secondary structure, Phusion High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with GC Buffer (NEB #M0532) can improve reaction performance. GC buffer should be used in experiments where HF buffer does not work. 

  6. Denaturation:
    An initial denaturation of 30 seconds at 98°C is sufficient for most amplicons from pure DNA templates. Longer denaturation times can be used (up to 3 minutes) for templates that require it.

    During thermocycling, the denaturation step should be kept to a minimum. Typically, a 5–10 second denaturation at 98°C is recommended for most templates. 

  7. Annealing:
    Annealing temperatures required for use with Phusion tend to be higher than with other PCR polymerases. The calculatormNEB T should be used to determine the annealing temperature when using Phusion. Typically, primers greater than 20 nucleotides in length anneal for 10–30 seconds at 3°C above the Tm of the lower Tm primer. If the primer length is less than 20 nucleotides, an annealing temperature equivalent to the Tm of the lower primer should be used. A temperature gradient can also be used to optimize the annealing temperature for each primer pair. For two-step cycling, the gradient can be set as high as the extension temperature. 

    For high Tm primer pairs, two-step cycling without a separate annealing step can be used. 

  8. Extension:
    The recommended extension temperature is 72°C. Extension times are dependent on amplicon length and complexity. Generally, an extension time of 15 seconds per kb can be used. For complex amplicons, such as genomic DNA, an extension time of 30 seconds per kb is recommended. Extension time can be increased to 40 seconds per kb for cDNA templates, if necessary. 

  9. Cycle number:
    Generally, 25–35 cycles yields sufficient product. 

  10. 2-step PCR:
    When primers with annealing temperatures ≥ 72°C are used, a 2-step thermocycling protocol is recommended.

    Thermocycling conditions for a routine 2-step PCR: 

    STEP
    TEMP
    TIME
    Initial Denaturation 98°C 30 seconds
    25-35 Cycles 98°C
    72°C
    5-10 seconds
    15-30 seconds per kb
    Final Extension 72°C 5-10 minutes
    Hold 4°C  


  11. PCR product:
    The PCR products generated using Phusion DNA Polymerase have blunt ends; if cloning is the next step, then blunt-end cloning is recommended. If T/A-cloning is preferred, then DNA should be purified prior to A-addition, as Phusion DNA Polymerase will degrade any overhangs generated.

    Addition of an untemplated -dA can be done with Taq DNA Polymerase (NEB #M0267) or Klenow exo– (NEB #M0212).

References:
1.  Chester, N. and Marshak, D.R. (1993). Analytical Biochemistry. 209, 284-290.